Camphorwood Oil


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Camphor-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Camphor   

General

Systematic name 1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo

[2.2.1]heptan-2-one

Other names 2-bornanone, 2-camphanone

bornan-2-one, Formosa

Molecular formula C10H16O

SMILES CC1(C)C2(C)C(=O)CC(C1)CCC2

Molar mass 152.23 g/mol

Appearance White or colourless crystals

CAS number [76-22-2] (unspecified)

[464-49-3] ((1R)-Camphor)

[464-48-2] ((1S)-Camphor}

Properties

Density and phase  0.990, solid

Solubility in water 0.12 g in 100 ml

Solubility in acetic acid ~200 g in 100 ml

Solubility in ethanol ~100 g in 100 ml

Solubility in acetone ~250 g in 100 ml

Solubility in ether ~100 g in 100 ml

Solubility in chloroform ~200 g in 100 ml

Melting point 179.75 °C (452.9 K)

Boiling point 204 °C (477 K)

Acidity (pKa)  ?

Chiral rotation [α]D +44.1°, (1R)-Camphor

Hazards

MSDS External MSDS

Main hazards flammable

NFPA 704

200

R-phrases 11-20/21/22-36/37/38

S-phrases 16-26-36

RTECS number EX1260000 (R)

EX1250000 (S)

Supplementary data page

Structure and

properties n, εr, etc.

Thermodynamic

data Phase behaviour

Solid, liquid, gas

Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS

Related compounds

Related ketones fenchone,thujone

Related compounds camphene, pinene

borneol, isoborneol

10-Camphorsulfonic acid

Except where noted otherwise, data are given for

materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)

Infobox disclaimer and references

Camphor is a white transparent waxy crystalline solid with a strong penetrating pungent aromatic odor. It is a terpenoid with the chemical formula C10H16O. It is found in wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamonum camphora), a large evergreen tree found in Asia (particularly in Borneo and Taiwan, hence its alternate name) and some other related trees in the laurel family, notably Ocotea usambarensis; it can also be synthetically produced from oil of turpentine. It is used for its scent, as an ingredient in cooking (mainly in India), as an embalming fluid, in religious ceremonies and for medicinal purposes. A major source of camphor in Asia is Camphor basil.

Contents [hide]

1 History

2 Uses

2.1 Culinary

3 Toxicology

4 Reactions

5 Biosynthesis

6 References

7 External links

 History

The word camphor derives from the French word camphre, itself from Medieval Latin camfora, from Arabic kafur, from Malay kapur Barus meaning "Barus chalk". In fact Malay traders from whom Indian and Middle East merchants would buy camphor called it kapur, "chalk" because of its white colour [1]. Barus was the port on the western coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra where foreign traders would call to buy camphor. In the Indian language Sanskrit, the word 'karpoor' is used to denote Camphore. A south-indian adaptation of this word, 'karpooram' has been used for camphor in many south-indian/dravidian languages (like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada and Malayalam)

Camphor was first synthesized by Gustaf Komppa in 1903. Previously, some organic compounds (such as urea) had been synthesized in the laboratory as a proof of concept, but camphor was a scarce natural product with a worldwide demand. The synthesis was the first industrial total synthesis, when Komppa began industrial production in Tainionkoski, Finland, in 1907.

Norcamphor is a camphor derivative with the three methyl groups replaced by hydrogen.

Other substances deriving from trees are sometimes wrongly sold as camphor.

Camphor Trees are widely found in very deep jungles of Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala states in South India.

 Uses

Modern uses include as a plasticizer for cellulose nitrate, as a moth repellent, as an antimicrobial substance, in embalming, and in fireworks. Camphor crystals are also used to prevent damage to insect collections by other small insects. A form of anti-itch gel currently on the market uses camphor as its active ingredient. It is also used in medicine. Camphor is readily absorbed through the skin and produces a feeling of cooling similar to that of menthol and acts as slight local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. Camphor is an active ingredient (along with menthol) in vapor-steam products, such as Vicks VapoRub, and it is effective as a cough suppressant. It may also be administered orally in small quantities (50 mg) for minor heart symptoms and fatigue.

In the 17th Century, it was used by Auenbrugger in the treatment of mania[citation needed].

To prevent camphor from evaporating, just add few Black Peppers into the container of Camphor[citation needed].

Cockroachs, Snakes and other poisonous insects won't come near the camphor as camphor's strong smell drives them away and the camphor is poisonous for insects[citation needed].

Camphor is also used in the Mahashiva ratri celebrations of Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction of evil. It's natural pitch substance burns cool without leaving an ash residue, which symbolizes the consciousness.

 Culinary

Currently, Camphor is mostly used as a flavoring for sweets in Asia. In ancient and medieval Europe it was widely used as ingredient for sweets but it is now mainly used for medicinal purposes. It is thought that camphor was used as a flavouring in confections resembling ice cream in China during the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618-907). Camphor is widely used in cooking (mainly for desert dishes) in India where it is known as Pachha Karpooram (literally meaning "Raw camphor" though "Pachha" means "Green" in Tamil). It is widely available at Indian grocery stores and is labeled as "Edible Camphor." In Hindu poojas and ceremonies, camphor is burned in a ceremonial spoon for performing aarti. This type of camphor is also sold at Indian grocery stores but it is not suitable for cooking. The only type that should be used for food are those which are labeled as "Edible Camphor."

 Toxicology

In larger quantities, it is poisonous when ingested and can cause seizures, confusion, irritability, and neuromuscular hyperactivity. In 1980, the United States Food and Drug Administration set a limit of 11% allowable camphor in consumer products and totally banned products labeled as camphorated oil, camphor oil, camphor liniment, and camphorated liniment (but "white camphor essential oil" contains no significant amount of camphor). Since alternative treatments exist, medicinal use of camphor is discouraged by the FDA, except for skin-related uses, such as medicated powders, which contain only small amounts of camphor.

 Reactions

Typical camphor reactions are:

bromination

oxidation with nitric acid

conversion to isonitrosocamphor

Camphor can also be reduced to isoborneol using sodium borohydride.

 Biosynthesis

In biosynthesis camphor is produced from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclisation of linaloyl pyrophosphate to bornyl pyrophosphate, followed by hydrolysis to borneol and oxidation to camphor.

 References

J. Mann, R. S. Davidson, J. B. Hobbs, D. V. Banthorpe, J. B. Harborne, Natural Products, pp. 309-311, Addison Wesley Longman Ltd., Harlow, UK, 1994. ISBN 0-582-06009-5.

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merk & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.

Camphorwood Oil

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Camphor

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