Juniper Oil


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Juniper-From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Juniper (disambiguation).

Juniperus

Juniperus communis shrubs

in The Netherlands

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Pinophyta

Class: Pinopsida

Order: Pinales

Family: Cupressaceae

Genus: Juniperus

L.

Species

See text

Junipers are coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between 50-67 species of juniper, widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere, from the Arctic, south to tropical Africa in the Old World, and to the mountains of Central America in the New World.

Cones and leaves of Juniperus communisJunipers vary in size and shape from tall trees, 20-40 m tall, to columnar or low spreading shrubs with long trailing branches. They are evergreen with either needle-like and/or scale-like leaves. They can be either monoecious or dioecious. The female seed cones are very distinctive, with fleshy, fruit-like coalescing scales which fuse together to form a "berry"-like structure, 4-27 mm long, with 1-12 unwinged, hard-shelled seeds. In some species these "berries" are red-brown or orange but in most they are blue; they are often aromatic (for their use as a spice, see juniper berry). The seed maturation time varies between species from 6-18 months after pollination. The male cones are similar to those of other Cupressaceae, with 6-20 scales; most shed their pollen in early spring, but some species pollinate in the autumn.

Detail of Juniperus chinensis shoots, with juvenile (needle-like) leaves (left), and adult scale leaves and immature male cones (right)Many junipers (e.g. J. chinensis, J. virginiana) have two types of leaves: seedlings and some twigs of older trees have needle-like leaves 5-25 mm long; and the leaves on mature plants are (mostly) tiny (2-4 mm long), overlapping and scale-like. When juvenile foliage occurs on mature plants, it is most often found on shaded shoots, with adult foliage in full sunlight. Leaves on fast-growing 'whip' shoots are often intermediate between juvenile and adult.

In some species (e.g. J. communis, J. squamata), all the foliage is of the juvenile needle-like type, with no scale leaves. In some of these (e.g. J. communis), the needles are jointed at the base, in others (e.g. J. squamata), the needles merge smoothly with the stem, not jointed.

The needle-leaves of junipers are hard and sharp, making the juvenile foliage very prickly to handle. This can be a valuable identification feature in seedlings, as the otherwise very similar juvenile foliage of cypresses (Cupressus, Chamaecyparis) and other related genera is soft and not prickly.

Juniper is the exclusive food plant of the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Bucculatrix inusitata and Juniper Carpet and is also eaten by the larvae of other Lepidoptera species such as Chionodes electella, Chionodes viduella, Juniper Pug and Pine Beauty.

 Classification

The number of juniper species is disputed, with two recent studies giving very different totals, Farjon (2001) accepting 52 species, and Adams (2004) accepting 67 species. The junipers are divided into several sections, though (particularly among the scale-leaved species) which species belong to which sections is still far from clear, with research still on-going. The section Juniperus an obvious monophyletic group though.

Juniperus sect. Juniperus: Needle-leaf junipers. The adult leaves are needle-like, in whorls of three, and jointed at the base (see below right).

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Juniperus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with one stomatal band.

Juniperus communis - Common Juniper

Juniperus communis subsp. alpina - Alpine Juniper

Juniperus conferta - Shore Juniper (syn. J. rigida var. conferta)

Juniperus rigida - Temple Juniper or Needle Juniper

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Oxycedrus: Cones with 3 separate seeds; needles with two stomatal bands.

Juniperus brevifolia - Azores Juniper

Juniperus cedrus - Canary Islands Juniper

Juniperus deltoides - Eastern Prickly Juniper

Juniperus formosana - Chinese Prickly Juniper

Juniperus lutchuensis - Ryukyu Juniper

Juniperus navicularis - Portuguese Prickly Juniper

Juniperus oxycedrus - Western Prickly Juniper or Cade Juniper

Juniperus macrocarpa (J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa) - Large-berry Juniper

Juniperus sect. Juniperus subsect. Caryocedrus: Cones with 3 seeds fused together; needles with two stomatal bands.

Juniperus drupacea - Syrian Juniper

Juniper needles, magnified. Left, Juniperus communis (Juniperus sect. Juniperus; note needles 'jointed' at base). Right, Juniperus chinensis (Juniperus sect. Sabina; note needles merging smoothly with the stem, not jointed at base).

Juniperus phoenicea on El Hierro, Canary Islands

An Eastern Juniper in October laden with ripe cones.Juniperus sect. Sabina: Scale-leaf junipers. The adult leaves are mostly scale-like, similar to those of Cupressus species, in opposite pairs or whorls of three, and the juvenile needle-like leaves are not jointed at the base (including in the few that have only needle-like leaves; see below right). Provisionally, all the other junipers are included here, though they form a paraphyletic group.

Old World species

Juniperus chinensis - Chinese Juniper

Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii - Sargent's Juniper

Juniperus convallium - Mekong Juniper

Juniperus excelsa - Greek Juniper

Juniperus excelsa subsp. polycarpos - Persian Juniper

Juniperus foetidissima - Stinking Juniper

Juniperus indica - Black Juniper

Juniperus komarovii - Komarov's Juniper

Juniperus phoenicea - Phoenicean Juniper

Juniperus procera - East African Juniper

Juniperus procumbens - Ibuki Juniper

Juniperus pseudosabina - Xinjiang Juniper

Juniperus recurva - Himalayan Juniper

Juniperus recurva var. coxii - Cox's Juniper

Juniperus sabina - Savin Juniper

Juniperus sabina var. davurica - Daurian Juniper

Juniperus saltuaria - Sichuan Juniper

Juniperus semiglobosa - Russian Juniper

Juniperus squamata - Flaky Juniper

Juniperus thurifera - Spanish Juniper

Juniperus tibetica - Tibetan Juniper

Juniperus wallichiana - Himalayan Black Juniper

New World species

Juniperus angosturana - Mexican One-seed Juniper

Juniperus ashei - Ashe Juniper

Juniperus barbadensis - West Indies Juniper

Juniperus bermudiana - Bermuda Juniper

Juniperus blancoi - Blanco's Juniper

Juniperus californica - California Juniper

Juniperus coahuilensis - Coahuila Juniper

Juniperus comitana - Comitán Juniper

Juniperus deppeana - Alligator Juniper

Juniperus durangensis - Durango Juniper

Juniperus flaccida - Mexican Weeping Juniper

Juniperus gamboana - Gamboa Juniper

Juniperus horizontalis - Creeping Juniper

Juniperus jaliscana - Jalisco Juniper

Juniperus monosperma - One-seed Juniper

Juniperus monticola - Mountain Juniper

Juniperus occidentalis - Western Juniper

Juniperus occidentalis subsp. australis - Sierra Juniper

Juniperus osteosperma - Utah Juniper

Juniperus pinchotii - Pinchot Juniper

Juniperus saltillensis - Saltillo Juniper

Juniperus scopulorum - Rocky Mountain Juniper

Juniperus standleyi - Standley's Juniper

Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Juniper (Eastern Redcedar)

Juniperus virginiana subsp. silicicola - Southern Juniper

 Cultivation and uses

Many of the earliest prehistoric people lived in or near juniper forests which furnished them food, fuel, and wood for shelter or utensils. Many species, such as J. chinensis (Chinese Juniper) from eastern Asia, are extensively used in landscaping and horticulture, and as one of the most popular species of bonsai. It is also a symbol of longevity.

Juniper berries are used in the distillation of gin and Jenever and the brewing of sahti. Juniper was also occasionally used in gruit, a mix of herbs used for flavouring beer prior to the use of hops.

The berries and needles are slightly poisonous and can cause irritation after ingestion or contact with the skin.

Some junipers are susceptible to Gymnosporangium rust disease, and can be a serious problem for those people growing apple trees, the alternate host of the disease.

Some junipers are sometimes misleadingly called cedars, correctly the vernacular name for species in the genus Cedrus, family Pinaceae.

 References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

JuniperusAdams, R. P. (2004). Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus. Trafford. ISBN 1-4120-4250-X

Farjon, A. (2001). World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers. Kew. ISBN 1-84246-025-0

Farjon, A. (2005). Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 1-84246-068-4

Junipers of the world

Gymnosperm Database - Juniperus

Arboretum de Villardebelle Photos of cones and foliage of selected species

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"

Categories: Cupressaceae | Flora of Greenland

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