Plant Oils Used for Bio-diesel

This section is taken from content provided at BDPedia.com, the Biodiesel WWW Encyclopedia

A variety of biolipids (Biolipids are lipids from biological sources. Lipids are a class of organic compounds essential for the structure and function of living cells, fats are a subset of lipids, belonging to a subcategory of lipids called triglycerides) can be used to produce biodiesel. The main plants whose oils have been considered as feedstock for bio-fuel are: soybean oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil & jatropha oil. Others in the contention are mustard, hemp, castor oil, waste vegetable oil, and in some cases, even algae. There is ongoing research into finding more suitable crops and improving oil yield. (Biodiesel – A Brief Overview From ATTRA – provides a table of oil-bearing plants having potential for biodisel)

A complete list of oils that appear to have the potential for biodiesel is provided below ( in alphabetical order of the plant name)

Algae as Bio-diesel

The production of algae to harvest oil for biodiesel has not been undertaken on a commercial scale, but working feasibility studies have been conducted to arrive at the above yield estimate. In addition to a high yield, this solution does not compete with agriculture for food, requiring neither farmland nor fresh water.

· Widescale Biodiesel Production from Algae – University of North Hampshire

· Algae – Like a Breath Mint for Smokestacks – Christian Science Monitor

· Biodiesel from Algae – from Biodiesel Encyclopedia

Artichoke Oil & Biodiesel

Artichoke has been only mainly as a forage crop for many years, but in recent years new applications have been discovered. The seeds of the artichoke plant can be used to obtain edible oil, while paper and pulp can be obtained from the stalks.

Artichoke oil is similar to the oils from sunflower and safflower in its composition. The approximate oil composition is as follows: 60% linoleic, 25% oleic, 12% palmitic and 3% stearic acid. While experiments are still on for this crop, initial experiments and analysis appear to show that this crop has potential for producing biodiesel.

· Cynara Cardunculus as an Alternative Crop for Biodiesel Production (MS Word Document)

· Feeding Ourselves or Driving Our Cars – the Tale of the Humble Artichoke – from Transition Culture

Canola Oil as Bio-diesel

Canola is a cultivated variety of rapesee, and canola oilseeds are rich in oil content ( 40%). The interest in canola oil as feedstock for biodiesel appears to be gaining ground. A small group of farmers in Australia have started producing biodiesel from canola oil for local use, and a company in North Dakota (USA) in investing significantly to produce biodiesel using canola oil.

· Biodiesel from Canola Oil – University of Ballarat, Australia

· NDSU to Test Properties of Canola-based Biodiesel

· Canola Biodiesel – from CanolaInfo.org

· Bioenergy Biodiesel from Canola Oil (PDF)

Castor Oil as Bio-diesel

Castor oil has quite a few characteristics that can make it a suitable candidate for biodiesel. One aspect that could queer the pitch for castor oil is its viscosity. Castor oil in its straight vegetable oil form is about 100 times as viscous as diesel fuel, and while trans-esterification does reduce the viscosity significantly, it is still being researched whether the final viscosity for castor oil biodiesel is within acceptable limits for use in diesel engines.

· Castor Oil as Bio-diesel & Biofuel – from CastorOil.in

· Energy in a Castor Bean – from Tierramerica

Coconut Oil as Biodiesel

Coconut has an oil content of about 70%, and has a yield of about 2500 liters per hectare. The Cetane Number (60) and Iodine Value (10) of coconut oil/copra oil are within acceptable limits for use in diesel engines. Its viscosity after trans-esterification is also in the acceptable range. It thus appears to be a good candidate for biodiesel.

· Possibility of Using Coconut Oil as Fuel Substitute for Diesel Engines (Microsoft PPT Format)

· Coconut Methyl Ester as Coco Biodiesel

· Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Coconut Biofuel (PDF)

· Coconut Oil as a Biofuel in Pacific Islands – Challenges & Opportunities

Corn Oil as Bio-diesel

There is a significant interest, especially in the United States, to experiment with corn oil as the feedstock for biodiesel. Till a few years ago, corn was not favoured as a feedstock because the extraction process was not suitable to produce a grade of oil that was suitable enough for producing biodiesel. However newer extraction processes have overcome this problem.

· Mean Green Biofuels Convertts Corn Oil into Biodiesel – Oil & Gas Online

· Corn Oil Extractor Hits Market – from Argus Leader

Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel

Cottonseed oil has energy per unit volume than diesel fuel. This means that more than one gallon of cotton seed oil will be required to replace one gallon of petro-diesel. The current production volumes are quite low ( 0.5 million T per annum in the US) when compared with even reasonable requirements of biodiesel.

· Economic Circumstances of Cottonseed Oil as Biodiesel (PDF)

Flax Oil as Biodiesel

· The oil from linseed/flax plant can also be considered for biodiesel. Research is ongoing in this area. (Flax Oil Reference)

Hemp Oil as Bio-diesel (Hemp Oil Reference)

· Hemp Farm Bio-diesel Information

· Pollution - Petrol vs. Hemp – from HempCar.org

Jatropha Oil as Bio-diesel

Through Jatropha oil is not as well-known a biodiesel feedstock as is palm oil or soy oil, in India and southeast Asia, the Jatropha tree has been used as a significant fuel source for many years, though use of its oil for biodiesel is quite recent. In these regions, it is also planted for watershed protection and other environmental restoration efforts. Jatropha is a perennial, yielding oil seed for decades after planting. The tree can grow without irrigation in arid conditions where many other biodiesel candidates such as corn and sugar cane could never thrive. Another useful feature of Jatropha is its oil yield – the yield is significantly higher than the yields of many other candidates.

· Biofuel for Electricity in Remote Lao Villages - from Sunlabob (PDF)

· Jatropha, a Different Biofuel, from Pratie Place

· Oil from a Wasteland – the Jatropha Project in India – from Daimler Chryser

· Bio-diesel from Wastelands - NABARD

· Case Study for Jatropha (PDF)

· Biodiesel from Jatropha Plantations on Eroded Soils (PDF)

· Jatropha & Moringa – Sources of Renewable Energy & Fuel

· Jatropha Biodiesel .org

· Jatropha in Africa – Enviro Pundit

· Combating Ddesertification – The Jatropha Project of Mali, West Africa

· The Bumpy Road to Clean, Green Fuel - SciDev

· The Jatropha Opportunity for India

Jojoba Oil as Biodiesel

While Jojoba oil is a new entrant in the biodiesel stakes, it has an attraction – the jojoba plant can be grown in saline soils, and in desert lands. There are reports that some farmers in Egypt have started cultivating jojoba for the oil to be used as fuel. However, with current inputs and data, it appears that this plant is unlikely to make a significant impact on the overall biodiesel scenario, given the small amounts of cultivation.

· Jojoba Fuel – from Tree Hugger

· Jojoba Oil Could Fuel Cars & Trucks – New Scientist

· Economics of Jatropha Biodiesel

· New Fuel Derived from Jojoba Oil Could Fuel Cars (PDF)

· Jojoba Oil a Better Fuel than Diesel

Karanj Plant (Pongamia pinnata) as Biodiesel

Karanj, a plant native to India, appears to have good potential for biodiesel. Considered less exotic than Jatropha, there is a good chance that karanj oil is cheaper as well. However, only recently has this plant come into the research arena for biodiesel, and more inputs are awaited.

· Why Karanj is Better than Jatropha?

· Jatropha vs. Karanj – Biodiesel Now

· Biodiesel Project in India Based on Karanja

Kukui Nut Oil as Biodiesel

While it is possible to have the oil from Kukui Nut tree as a biodiesel, it is unlikely that it is a serious candidate since this is not a mainstream crop, and its high price will be a deterrent to its use as fuel (Kukui Nut Oil Reference)

· Student Makes Fuel from Kukui Nuts

Milk Bush/Pencil Bush (Euphorbia tirucalli) as Biodiesel

The Pencil Bush shrub can grow in arid as well as more mesophytic zones. A large shrub, Euphorbia tirucalli, is used as a hedge in Brazil. The ability of these plants to grow well in dry regions and on land that are not suitable for growing food, and the fact that the oil yield from an acre could be comparable to or better than many other biodiesel candidates (an estimate of oil yield for milk bush/pencil bush is between 10 and 50 barrels of oil per acre, ie., between 25 and 125 barrels per hectare )

· Euphorbia tirucalli from Purdue University

· Bio-engineering of Crops for Biofuel & Bio-energy (PDF)

Mustard Oil

Specially bred mustard varieties can produce reasonably high mustard oil yields, and have the added benefit that the meal leftover after the oil has been pressed out can act as an effective and biodegradable pesticide.

· Bio-diesel from Yellow Mustard Oil – University of Idaho

· Mustard Hybrids for Low-cost Biodiesel (PDF)

· Biodiesel Cost Issues – from Oregon Biofuels

· Industrial Mustard Crops for Biodiesel & Biopesticides (PDF)

· Experiments with Biodiesel from Yellow Mustard

Neem Oil as Biodiesel

While it has not yet been produced on a commercial scale, neem oil is being considered for biodiesel, and more research is being done in this area.

· Biodiesel – Fuel for Future

Biodiesel from Olive Oil

It has been proven that Olive oil can produce biodiesel, however, it is unlikely that this crop will be a sustainable

candidate for biodiesel, given the opportunity costs of the use of its oil in other segments, and the cost. One interesting area has been the use of waste olive oil for biodiesel production.

· Simulating Biodiesel Production from Waste Olive Oil

· Chancellor College Biodiesel Research & Biodiesel Production

Palm Oil as Bio-diesel

Malaysia and Indonesia are starting pilot-scale production from palm oil. Palm oil so far proved to be efficient as biodiesel.

· Palm Oil Biodiesel from Cogeneration.net

· Consultant Says Palm Oil Biodiesel has More Potential – from New Energy Report

· Malaysia to Switch to Palm Oil Bio-diesel – from Happy News

· Palm Oil Biodiesel has More Potential for Longevity?

Peanut Oil as Biodiesel

History tells us that Rudolf Diesel ran his first diesel engine on peanut oil. Even later, during times of fuel shortages, cars and trucks were successfully run on preheated peanut oil. Currently however, peanut oil is used relatively less (when compared to sunflower oil, palm oil or soybean oil) for biodiesel production. One major reason could be the cost.

· History of Biofuels – from Yokayo Biofuels

Radish Oil as Bio-diesel

Wild radish can contain up to 48% oil and radish oil is unsuitable for human consumption. This could hence make an interesting biodiesel candidate. Wild radish has adapted itself to be a very resilient weed and possesses a hardy nature with good drought tolerance. However, it is unlikely to become a mainstream biodiesel feedstock.

· Biodiesel – Farming for the Future

Rapeseed Oil as Bio-diesel

Rapeseed oil is one of the more prominent oils used for biodiesel preparation. In Europe, rapeseed is the most common base oil used in biodiesel production.

· Rapeseed Bio-diesel from Cogeneration.net

· The Power of Rapeseed – from Deutsche Welle, Germany

· Rapeseed Methyl Ester – from BioMatNet

· Development of Rapeseed Bio-diesel for Use in High-speed Diesel Engines – from Biodiesel.org (PDF)

· Biodiesel Experiences in Yugoslavia – from Biodiesel.org (PDF)

· Biodiesel Production Potential from Industrial Rapeseed (PDF)

· Economic Evaluation of Biodiesel Production from Oilseed Rape (PDF)

Rice Bran Oil as Bio-diesel

Rice bran oil is a non-conventional, inexpensive and low-grade vegetable oil. Crude rice bran oil is also source of high value added by-products. Thus, if the by-products are derived from the crude rice bran oil and the resultant oil is used as a feedstock for biodiesel, the resulting biodiesel could be quite economical and affordable.

· Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters from Rice Bran Oil (PDF)

· Acid Catalyzed Trans-esterification of Rice Bran Oil for Bio-diesel Production (PDF)

Safflower Oil as Bio-diesel

Quite a number of entities in the United States are experimenting with Safflower oil as biodiesel stock, and there is a opinion among some that safflower oil will make a better candidate than canola oil, which is a relatively more popular feedstock for biodiesel. However, the fact that it is a useful edible oil ( as is canola oil) throws serious doubts about its potential for large scale biodiesel production

· Safflower Oil in your Tank – from Clean City News

Soybean Oil as Bio-diesel

Soybeans are not a very efficient crop solely for the production of biodiesel, but their common use in the United States for food products has led to soybean oil based biodiesel becoming the primary source for biodiesel in that country. Soybean producers have lobbied to increase awareness of soybean biodiesel, expanding the market for their product.

· Fuelling Diesel Engines with Blends of Methyl Ester Soybean Oil & Diesel Fuel – University of Missouri (PDF)

· Soybean Oil in Jet Fuels – from USDA

· Transesterification of Soybean Oil with Zeolite & Metal Catalysts (PDF)

· Oxidative Stability of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil

Sunflower Oil as Bio-diesel

Sunflower oil is being tested in quite a few places worldwide for its biodiesel capability. While the chemical properties of the oil lend themselves well for biodiesel manufacture, the high cost of sunflower oil casts doubts on whether it can ever be a significant feedstock for biodiesel production.

· Sunflower Crop Feasibility for Bio-diesel Production in Spain – from EECI.net

Tung Oil as Biodiesel

Research on the use of tung oil for biodiesel is in its initial stages, and more research results and inputs are awaited.

· Details of Fuels – Greenhouse, Australia (PDF)

Waste Vegetable Oil as Biodiesel

· On-farm Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil (PDF)

Others

· Local & Innovative Biodiesel – New Feedstock Blending Recipes (PDF) ( see also this (pdf))